Definition: A non-defining relative clause (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) provide interesting ADDITIONAL information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence. It tells us more about someone or something, but do not define it.
For example:
- Elephants that love mice are very unusual.
* This tells us which elephants we are talking about. - Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos.
* This gives us some extra information about elephants - we are talking about all elephants, not just one type or group. - My sister, who lives in France, is coming to stay with me next week.
* "who lives in France" is not essential, which means that I only have one sister and she does not need to be defined by the "relative clause")
For example
- My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.
Person | Thing | Place | |
Subject | who | which | |
Object | who/whom | which | where |
Possessive | whose |
In non-defining clauses, you cannot use "that" instead of "who", "whom" or "which".
You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause:
For example:
- He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.
- He gave me the letter, which I read immediately.
Person | Thing | |
all of | + whom | + which |
any of | + whom | + which |
few of | + whom | + which |
both of | + whom | + which |
each of | + whom | + which |
either of | + whom | + which |
half of | + whom | + which |
many of | + whom | + which |
most of | + whom | + which |
much of | + whom | + which |
none of | + whom | + which |
one of | + whom | + which |
two of etc… | + whom | + which |
- There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.
- He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
For example:
- Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise.
* = the fact that he did well in his exams was a big surprise. - An elephant and a mouse fell in love, which is most unusual.
* = the fact that they fell in love is unusual).
- Mrs. Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the corner.
- We stopped at the museum, which we’d never been into.
- I’ve just met Susan, whose husband works in London.
- I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem.
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